Argument

问题

1. 调查类问题

   • 调查类问题
     • 选择性样本
     • 样本数量不够充分
     • 调查机构不中立
     • 调查时效性不足
     • 调查问题无关
     • 回应者是否表达真实情况
     • 回应者是否有代表性
     • 调查本身没有意义
   • 数据信息问题
     • 模糊数据
     • 信息不全面

2. 推理过程

   • 错误类比
   • 横向比较和纵向比较
   • 不全面比较，选择性比较
   • 草率推广
     • 无关概念--看病人少推出发病率低
     • 差异范围--从特殊到一般，以偏概全
     • 从过去推知将来
   • 没有全面衡量正负得失
   • 非此即彼，极端选择
   • 因果关系问题
     • 无直接因果
     • 在同时发生的两件事间建立因果联系
     • 在时间上先后发生的两件事建立因果联系
     • 混淆因果关系，因果倒置

3. 结论问题

   • 对策的充分性和必要性
     • 采取作者的方案是否能解决问题
     • 要达到作者的目的，是否还有其他的方案，必要性。
   • 结论的可行性
     • 仅在理论上成立，在现实中因为某些障碍无法操作

写法

In the first place...
Futhermore...

First, the author hastily assumes A.
Basing on the underlying assumption A, THe author further implies B. However, B has some problem.
Granted that assumption A could be substantiated, we cannot ensure that B is justified.

In the argument the author suggests A to copy the policy of B. The author's inference is based on an assumption that A and B are comparable. However, A and B might be different in many aspects, for example ... Before the author could substantiate the

复述结论、概括论据、进行评价
In the argument, the arguer concludes that Rialto Theater must offer the same features as Apex, a newly opened theater, to attract more moviegoers. As evidence the arguer points out many fancy functions featured by Apex and the dissatisfaction of moviegoers about high price of new movies. However, lacking more accurate information we cannot make sure if the manager's proposal could bring about desired effect as predicted.

评价+建议
In the conclusion, the arguer fails to convince us that the use of Ichthaid could effectively lower absenteeism in west Meria. To better evaluate the argument, we would need more information about the relation ship between eating more fish and lowered incidence of cold.s. TO strengthen the argument, the arguer would also have to provide evidence that the function of fish and of Ichthaid are similar in preventing colds.